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中考英語閱讀能力訓(xùn)練

閱讀理解能力的培養(yǎng)是中學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)的一項重要任務(wù),也是中考的一項重要考查內(nèi)容。一般來說,中考英語試卷至少包含三篇或以上的閱讀文章,閱讀量在1,000單詞左右;要求閱讀速度為每分鐘40-50詞。文章的題材廣泛、體裁多樣。

  《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》要求學(xué)生在閱讀中既要能理解個別句子的意義,也要能理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,把握篇章結(jié)構(gòu);既能理解字面的意思,也能理解隱含的意思;既能理解事實和細(xì)節(jié),也能理解所讀材料的主旨和大意;能就文章的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行判斷、推理和信息轉(zhuǎn)換。然后根據(jù)試題的要求選出最佳答案或做出正誤判斷。

  中考閱讀理解中主要有主觀性題型和客觀性題型。前者主要包括主旨型、推理型、態(tài)度型和結(jié)論型等。后者主要包括事實型、推測詞義型、指代關(guān)系型、常識題、是非題等。從問題設(shè)置上可以將問題總結(jié)為四種類型:歸納概括題,細(xì)節(jié)理解題,語句理解題和推理判斷題。下面我們主要對這四種題型的解題技巧進(jìn)行簡要分析。

  歸納概括題

  此類題主要針對文章的主題、中心思想、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次(主題句或主題段)、作者的寫作目的等方面,要求考生在準(zhǔn)確理解全文后,歸納短文要點、概括中心思想,分析和歸納段落大意、重要情節(jié)、人物特征和環(huán)境特點等。

  這類題常見的命題方式有:

  1. what is the main idea of this passage?

  2. what does this passage mainly talk about?

  3. the main theme of this passage is ______.

  4. the main point of the passage is ______.

  5. which of the following is the best title for the passage?

  6. the title that best expresses the theme of the passage is ______.

  7. the purpose of the writer in writing this passage is _____.

  8. which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ?

  【解題技巧】領(lǐng)會全文大意,靈活運用判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法,真正理解文章的主題和中心思想。一般而言,英語文章的主題通常反映在文章的題目或一段短文的小標(biāo)題上。不少文章一開頭便展示出文章的主題。如新聞報道第一段通常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph)。但也要注意,不少文章的中心思想也常貫穿于全文之中。主題句(topic sentence)常在一段的開頭,也有可能在段中或段末。

  在閱讀理解時,歸納概括的題型可分為主題型(找出文章的main idea),標(biāo)題型(即選擇合適的title)和目的型(尋找作者寫作的purpose)。

  【例】54. the passage is mainly about ______.(09北京中考第54小題,閱讀理解b篇)

  a. the rules of behavior in public

  b. the easy of communication

  c. the acts of kindness among people

  d. the knowledge of social life

  本題問及文章的大意。通過跳讀(skimming )我們知道這篇文章有六段描述在公眾場合如何表現(xiàn),所以a是正確答案。

  細(xì)節(jié)理解題

  細(xì)節(jié)理解題常出現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用文中,一般針對某個特定細(xì)節(jié)而提出問題,難度小,屬淺層理解,通讀短文后一般能直接找出答題依據(jù)。

  細(xì)節(jié)類問題的命題方式有:

  1.which of the following is not true according to the information in the passage?

  2.which of the following is mentioned in the passage?

  3. what is the example of... as described in the passage?

  4. the author mentions all of the following except...

  5. the reason for... is...

  6. the author states that...

  7. according to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc)...

  【解題技巧】

  1.通讀全文,領(lǐng)悟大意,理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)層次及細(xì)節(jié),特別注意以下幾個方面:

  數(shù)字、日期和時間等;同位語、破折號、括號和省略號等;表示附加說明的詞,如:by the way, besides, what’s more, in addition to, including, as well as等;倒裝句及加強(qiáng)語氣的詞,如above all, mainly, mostly, certainly, indeed等。

  2. 選用排除法排除不符合原文細(xì)節(jié)的選項,剩下的就是要選擇的最佳答案。

  【例】61. who will be guests at the party? (09遼寧錦州卷)

  a.the children of mr wilson.

  b. the marleys.

  c. mr wilson and his wife.

  d. mr and mrs marley.

  the children of and mrs marley invite you,

  mr and mrs wilson,

  to a party!

  join us for food, fun and a crazy time to celebrate:

  the 50th birthday of richard marley

  on friday, july 13th, from 2 pm to 9 pm

  at golden sun park

  remember to bring your swimsuits and dancing shoes. call or email us for directions to the party or arrange for a ride.

  tel: (605) 392-4814

  e-mail: smarley@yahoo.com.cn

  本題是考核學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文全面理解和進(jìn)行正確判斷的能力。做題時要重點看好who,guests的問題,這是一封請柬,被邀請的才是客人,所以答案是c。

  語句理解題

  要求正確理解短文中一些關(guān)鍵詞、短語或句子的含義。常用的手段是利用多種表達(dá)法、詞的多義性、同近義語替換、習(xí)語釋義、句型或語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等。

  語句理解類問題的命題方式有:

  1. the underlined word in the … paragraph refers to / means ________.

  2. what does “______” in paragraph... stand for /mean?

  3. “______” could best be replaced by which of the following?

  4. the expression/phrase “____” means ______.

  5) the word “_____” is closest in meaning to _____.

  【解題技巧】透徹理解題意,從短文中找到相關(guān)的詞、短語或句子,根據(jù)特定的語境判斷理解,推敲斟酌,最后確定含義。

  猜測詞義要根據(jù):上下文間意義的聯(lián)系;同義和反義關(guān)系;詞的定義;對詞的解釋和舉例以及構(gòu)詞法知識來進(jìn)行。

  【例】 doctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way that they do, called psychologists, are starting to believe it.

  55. a psychologist is a person who may help you with your ______.(09北京中考c篇)

  a. illness and abilities

  b. thoughts and behaviour

  c. mind and nervous system

  d. physical activity and daily exercise

  通過仔細(xì)閱讀分析這句話,找出醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家們study the human mind(研究人的思想)和explain why people behave(解釋人們的行為),可以找出thoughts and behaviour,因此答案是b。

  點睛:words, like people, are frequently known by the company they keep.

  a word’s context or surroundings, can provide clues to meaning.

  推理判斷題

  主要對短文的結(jié)論、隱含意義、作者的傾向、文章的論調(diào)、寫作的思路及目的等進(jìn)行考查。縱觀全文,在匯集短文提供的各項信息的基礎(chǔ)上,嚴(yán)格按照短文陳述的觀點或描述事實,進(jìn)行正確的、合乎邏輯的推論和引申。有時還可能會假設(shè)一種情況要求考生對原文中沒有提及的情況進(jìn)行推理和想象,對題目中提出的各種可能性進(jìn)行推敲,從而選出符合原文信息或作者意圖的最佳答案。推理性問題與細(xì)節(jié)性問題相似,這部分往往出題分量大,難度大,同學(xué)們出錯也多,歸根結(jié)底還是對文章內(nèi)容沒有做到真正的理解和掌握。

  推理判斷題的命題方式有:

  1. we can infer / conclude from the passage that ______.

  2. it can be inferred / concluded (from the passage) that ______.

  3. the passage / story / author /paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _______.

  4. the author strongly suggests that ____________.

  5. what do you think would happen (to…) at the end of the story?

  【解題技巧】讀懂原文,抓住關(guān)鍵詞、短語、句子或段落,透徹理解文章內(nèi)容,注意文章結(jié)構(gòu)層次和邏輯關(guān)系,并結(jié)合閱讀材料外的有關(guān)生活、社會常識,仔細(xì)斟酌,做出準(zhǔn)確的推斷和引申。

  【例】you can set up a plan to finish homework or go to a doctor or a psychologist to try to work things out with your family or your friends. but sometimes you can’t change a stressful situation. sometimes you don’t even want to. a big change might be a good change, but it will still be stressful. (09北京中考第57小題,閱讀理解c篇)

  57. from the last sentence of paragraph 5 we can infer that ____.

  a. it’s difficult to change a stressful situation

  b. it’s not stressful when a good change takes place

  c. a big change will cause another stressful situation

  d. a stressful situation can’t be changed without any effort

  此題考查了學(xué)生在對文章語句理解基礎(chǔ)之上的推斷能力,通過抓住重點單詞good, but, still stressful, 我們可以推出答案是c。

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